tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-74234619119816997012024-02-08T16:51:13.839+02:00Finnish and Estonian Language BlogA learner of Estonian (eesti keel) discovering the Finnish language (suomen kieli)Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04628931301340301787noreply@blogger.comBlogger17125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7423461911981699701.post-20163481861525652712013-07-20T17:14:00.001+03:002013-08-03T13:58:01.057+03:00Satu on koulussa<i>Text is taken from </i>Hyvä-parempi-paras: Soome keele õppekomplekt algajaile<i> by Karre Sark and published by Kirjastus Iduleht</i><br />
<i><br /></i>
So it has been a long time indeed! After I did well getting 90% in both my Lithuanian and Estonian exams I had to focus my energies on my job as a proofreader, teaching, university work and also my doctoral research. That left no time for studying Finnish. However, it seems that I might be moving to Finland next year to live and work and thus I have decided to return to my study of the language.<br />
<br />
Here is the first audio text from one of my Finnish textbooks.<br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Satu on koulussa ensimmäisellä luokalla. Hänen koulunsa sijaitsee Köyliössä. Köyliö on Suomen kunta, joka sijaitsee Länsi-Suomessa. Aamulla Satu kävelee kouluun. Joskus sää on kylmä ja tuulee. Usein sataa. Kun sade loppuu, tekee auringonpaiste taas iloiseksi. Satu pitää koulusta, koska siellä on mukavia kavereita ja kivoja opettajia. Satu tykkää äidinkielestä ja matematiikasta. Hänestä myös kuoluruoka on hyvää.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
Satu on koolis esimeses klassis. Ta kool asub Köyliös. Köyliö on Soome vald, mis asub Lääne-Soomes. Hommikul Satu jalutab kooli. Mõnikord ilm on külm ja tuuline. Sageli sajab vihma. Kui sadu lakkab, teeb päikesepaiste teda taas rõõmsaks. Satule meeldib kool, sest seal on toredaid sõpru ja vahvaid õpetajaid. Talle meeldib emakeel ja matemaatika. Tema meelest on koolisöök ka hea.<br />
<b><br /></b>
Satu is in first grade in school. Her school is located in Köyliö. Köyliö is a Finnish municipality situated in Western-Finland. In the morning Satu walks to school. Sometimes the weather is cold and it is windy. It often rains. When the rain stops the sunshine makes Satu happy again. Satu likes school as she has good friends and nice teachers there. Satu likes Finnish and maths. She also thinks the food at school is good.<br />
<br />
Some vocab. differences to note:<br />
<br />
Nouns, adjectives adverbs:<br />
<br />
Fin: luokka, aamu, joskus, usein, aurinko, iloinen, kaveri, äiti, ruoka<br />
Est: klass, hommik, mõnikord, sageli, päike, rõõmus, sõber, ema, söök<br />
Eng: class, morning, sometimes, often, sun, happy, friend, mother, food<br />
<br />
Finnish <i>iloinen </i>'happy'<i> </i>is not to be confused with Estonian <i>ilus</i> 'beautiful', though they share a common origin. <i>Iloinen</i> is a combination of <i>ilo</i> 'joy, delight' plus the suffix -<i>inen</i>, which transforms nouns into adjectives. <a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ilo#Finnish">Wiktionary</a> says that Finnish <i>ilo</i> is cognate with Estonian <i>ilu</i> 'beauty', and possibly also Livonian <i>īla</i> ('nature') and Pite Sami <i>âllo</i> ('urge').<br />
<br />
Students of Finnish will be reminded of the Finnish verb <i>syödä</i> 'eat' when seeing the Estonian noun <i>söök</i> 'food'. The verb is <i>sööma</i> and from the root can be formed such words as <i>söödik</i> 'glutton', <i>söögiraha</i> 'food money', <i>söögilaud</i> 'dining table' and <i>söökla</i> 'diner, cafeteria' etc.<br />
<br />
Despite Estonian <i>hea</i> being the 'normal' translation of Finnish <i>hyvä</i> it should be noted that the words <i>hää</i> and <i>hüva</i> also exist in Estonian, often appearing in reference to old traditions and elements of Southern Estonian life and culture. Take the following sentence:<br />
<br />
Vanema on küpsetanud pannkooke ja muud <b>hüva</b> rooga.<br />
Grandmother has cooked pancakes and other good food.<br />
<br />
Here you can see the word <i>hüva</i> used rather than the standard word <i>hea</i>. Anyone who has studied Estonian will know the words <i>hästi</i> 'well' and <i>häid</i>, plural partitive of <i>hea</i>, which clearly contain <i>hää</i>. The above sentence also contains another 'old' word, <i>roog</i> (gen. sg. <i>roa</i>, part. sg. <i>rooga</i>). This word is often found on menus - <i>eelroad</i> 'starters, appetizers'. (It is a bit confusing that the sg. part. is <i>rooga</i> as it might be misread as <i>roo + -ga</i>, the Estonian comitative marker. There is a word in Estonian whose genitive is <i>roo</i>, it's the homonym <i>roog</i>, the shortened form of <i>pilliroog</i> 'reed'. <i>Pill</i> is the Estonian for 'musical instrument' [<i>pillimees</i> 'player, musician'], 'weeping' [<i>pillima</i> 'to weep, cry'] or 'pill [drug]').<br />
<br />
My wife shared with me an old Estonian expression parents used to tell their children (incase they become too happy for too long ;-) ) which contains the word <i>pill</i> in its meaning of <i>weeping</i>: <i>Pill tuleb pika ilu peale </i>'Weeping follows great joy'. What's this? <i>Rõõm</i> is the standard Estonian translation of the word 'joy' (see <i>rõõmus</i> above), but here we see <i>ilu</i> meaning 'joy'. <i>Ilo</i> anyone?<br />
<br />
The lesson here I suppose is that even though the standard translations of 'food' in the two languages are <i>ruoka</i> and <i>toit</i> (though <i>söök</i> in the text above) and 'joy' is <i>ilo</i> and <i>rõõm</i>, scratch the surface and you discover a word like <i>roog</i> and older meanings of words like <i>ilu</i>.<br />
<br />
Weather:<br />
<br />
The Estonian <i>ilm</i> translates as 'weather' but Finnish <i>ilma</i> can be translated often as 'air'. Contrast Finnish <i>ilmankuivain </i>(<i>ilma </i>'air' <i>+ kuivain</i> 'drier/dehydrator') with Estonian <i>õhukuivati </i>(<i>õhu </i>'air' <i>+ kuivati</i> 'drier/dehumidifier'). <a href="http://finnishestonian.blogspot.com/2012/06/laktoositon-saying-without-in-finnish.html">See here</a> for Estonian <i>ilma</i> and Finnish <i>ilman</i>.<br />
<br />
Above you will notice that <i>Joskus sää on kylmä ja tuulee</i> 'Sometimes the weather is cold and it is windy' is translated as <i>Mõnikord ilm on külm ja tuuline</i> 'Sometimes the weather is cold and windy'. Finnish speakers will recognise <i>tuuline</i> as Finnish <i>tuulinen</i>. My wife tells me that there isn't really an Estonian verb equivalent for Finnish <i>tuulla</i>. 'Wind' is <i>tuul</i> in Estonian and <i>tuuli</i> in Finnish.<br />
<br />
In the text above 'it rains/ it is raining' is given as <i>sataa</i> in Finnish and <i>vihma sajab</i> (inf. sadama) in Estonian. It would also be possible to say <i>sataa vettä</i> in Finnish and simply <i>sajab</i> in Estonian. <i>Vettä</i> is the partitive of <i>vesi</i> 'water' (<i>vesi</i>, <i>vett</i> in Estonian) while <i>vihma</i> is the partitive of <i>vihm</i> 'rain' (<i>sade</i>, <i>sadetta</i> in Finnish [<i>sadu</i> in Estonian translates as 'shower' as in <i>ilm keerab sajule</i> 'it looks like rain (lit. weather turns to shower)']).<br />
<br />
However, unlike in English the phrase 'it's snowing' translates into Finnish and Estonian as <i>sataa lunta</i> and <i>sajab lund</i>. The phrase 'it is drizzling' is rendered as <i>sataa tihkua</i> in Finnish and <i>tibutab vihma</i> in Estonian. The Finnish verb <i>tihkua</i> means 'percolate, seep' whereas the Estonia <i>tibutama</i> means 'drizzle'.<br />
<br />
My wife tells me there is an Estonian verb <i>tihkuma</i> 'sob, whimper'. Other verbs or expression to convey the same are <i>nuuksuma</i> and <i>vaikselt nutma</i> 'cry quietly'. The <i>Eesti keele rahvasõnaraamat</i> gives the definition of <i>nuuksuma</i> as <i>nuttes häälekalt sisse hingama</i> 'to audibly inhale whilst crying'.<br />
<br />
Verbs:<br />
<br />
Fin: sijaita - sijaitsee<br />
Est: asuma - asub<br />
Eng: lie, be situated, be located<br />
<br />
Of course, Finnish also has the verb <i>asua</i> - <i>asuu</i> 'reside, stay, dwell', as in <i>Missä asuu sinun perheesi?</i> 'Where does your family live?'<br />
<br />
Fin: kävellä - kävelee<br />
Est: jalutama - jalutab<br />
Eng: walk<br />
<br />
<a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/k%C3%A4vell%C3%A4#Finnish">Wiktionary</a> says that <i>kävellä</i> is derived from <i>käydä</i> 'walk', the latter being cognate with Estonian <i>käima</i> 'walk, move, go'.<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
The last thing I will point out in this post is the Finnish sentence <i>Hänestä myös kuoluruoka on hyvää</i> 'She also thinks that the food at school is good'. The reason why it's <i>hyvää</i> and not <i>hyvä</i> (i.e. part. and not nom. case) was explained to me by an acquaintance of mine<span style="color: #333333; font-family: lucida grande, tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 14px;">: </span></span> Standalone adjectival or nominal predicates in Finnish sentences expressing definition or identification are usually in the partitive, cf. Pojat ovat poikia = Poisid on poisid (Boys will be boys). <b><span style="color: red;">EDIT: See the comment on this issue below by Atte.</span></b></div>
<br />
It's not possible to use this structure in Estonian * <i>Temast on koolisöök ka hea.</i> We have to render it as <i>T(em)a meelest '</i>from her mind<i>'.</i> There is also, however, in Finnish the phrase <i>olla mieltä</i> 'to be of an opinion', as in <i>Mitä mieltä minä olen kiusaamisesta</i> 'What I think about bullying' (<i>kiusaaminen</i> 'bullying, harressment' (<i>kiusa </i>'bother, nuisance' [<i>kiusata</i> 'tease, bother, pester, pick on etc.']) + <i>-minen</i> suffix to form verbal nouns, as in <i>kirjoittaa</i> 'write' to <i>kirjoittaminen</i> 'writing', <i>syödä</i> 'eat' to <i>syöminen</i> 'eating').<br />
<br />
(<i>Mä pidän</i> vs. <i>Mulle meeldib</i> <a href="http://finnishestonian.blogspot.com/2012/05/ma-pidan.html">is discussed here</a>)<br />
<br />
I hope you enjoyed this post. Until the next time!<br />
<br />
<i>Näkemiin! Nägemist!</i>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7423461911981699701.post-67854657072143665782012-12-12T23:25:00.003+02:002012-12-13T00:45:50.707+02:00uutisetUudised / News<br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Terve kaikille!</b><br />
Tere kõigile! / Hi all!<br />
<br />
As you have noticed this blog has been very quiet lately! The reason for this is that since September I have been learning Lithuanian at the university. I have been using some of my spare time to practise by blogging/posting in the language on <i><a href="http://journeyintolithuanian.blogspot.com/">Journey into Lithuanian</a></i>. The course lasted a semester (14 weeks) and in January 2013 there will be the end of course exam.<br />
<br />
Then, once that hurdle has been jumped I will study my Estonian for taking the Estonian language B1 state exam in February 2013. Eventually I want to be comfortable enough in Estonian to sit the B2 exam (maybe also in 2013).<br />
<br />
Don't expect any any new posts here until March, until after I sit the B1 exam. In the meantime I want to focus on my Lithuanian and then on my Estonian.<br />
<br />
<b>Hyvää Joulua ja onnellista</b> <b>uutta vuotta!</b><br />
Häid jõulupühi ja head uut aastat!<br />
Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year!Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7423461911981699701.post-9168419175916822072012-09-28T21:05:00.001+03:002012-09-28T21:09:49.923+03:00two dialoguesThese dialogues are taken from <i>Tilanteesta toiseen: A Finnish Course</i> (From one situation to another) by Salli-Marja Bessonoff and Eila Hämäläinen. The book is well worth getting as it is full of dialogues and other texts complete with lists of the new vocab and grammar explanations. There is also a number of appendices at the back of the book as well as a grammar summary for each chapter.<br />
<br />
<b>1: Asiakas kysyy neuvoa</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
Asiakas: Anteeksi, osaatteko te sanoa, missä täällä on posti?<br />
Myyjä: Posti on aika kaukana, tuon puiston ja torin takana. Se on Torikadulla. Minulla on tässä kartta ja voin näyttää, missä se on.<br />
Asiakas: Ahaa, tuossa. Kiitos. - Voinko minä ostaa tämän kartan?<br />
Myyjä: Valitettavasti minulla on vain tämä, mutta tuolla aseman ulkopuolella on infopiste. Sieltä saatte kartan.<br />
Asiakas: Aha. Ai tuolla päin?<br />
Myyjä: Niin, tuosta ovesta.<br />
Asiakas: Kiitos. Näkemiin.<br />
Myyjä: Näkemiin.<br />
<br />
1. Klient küsib nõu.<br />
<br />
Klient: Vabandage, kas saaksite öelda, kus postkontor asub?<br />
Müüja: Postkontor on üsna kaugel, tolle pargi ja väljaku taga. See paikneb Väljaku tänaval. Mul on kaart olemas ja võin Teile näidata, kus see on.<br />
Klient: Ahaa, sealpool. Aitäh. - Kas ma saaksin selle kaardi osta?<br />
Müüja: Kahjuks on mul see ainuke, aga jaamast väljas asub infopunkt. Sealt saaksite kaardi.<br />
Klient: Ahaa, selles suunas?<br />
Müüja: Jah, sellest uksest välja.<br />
Klient: Aitäh teile. Nägemist.<br />
Müüja: Nägemist.<br />
<br />
1. A customer asks for advice.<br />
<br />
Customer: Excuse me, can you tell me where the post office is?<br />
Seller: The post office is quite far, behind that park and square. It's on Square Street. I have this map and I can show (you), where it is.<br />
Customer: Ah, there. Thank you. - Can I purchase that map?<br />
Seller: Unfortunately I only have this one, but outside the station there is an information point. You can get a map there.<br />
Customer: Ah, this way?<br />
Seller: Yes, out this door.<br />
Customer: Thank you. Bye bye.<br />
Seller: Bye bye.<br />
<br />
<b>2. Väärinkäsitys</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
A: Päivää. Minä ostaisin nämä suklaarasiat.<br />
M: Kaksi rasiaa... Yhdeksän euroa.<br />
A: Mutta eikö se ole vain neljä ja puoli euroa? Minulla on tämä ilmoitus.<br />
M: Anteeksi, mikä ilmoitus?<br />
A: Tässä on, että "kaksi yhden hinnalla".<br />
M: Saanko katsoa? Nyt en oikein ymmärrä... Ai jaa. Kuulkaa, tämä on kaupan mainos. Meillä ei ole tällaista tarjousta.<br />
A: No voi hyvänen aika! Miten minä nyt näin erehdyin?<br />
M: Sattuuhan sitä. Kauppa taitaa olla jo kiinni, mutta... Tarjous on voimassa vielä huomenna. Ehditte vielä saada ne rasiat huomenna.<br />
A: Juu, niin. Kiitos ja anteeksi nyt.<br />
M: Ei se mitään.<br />
<br />
2. Arusaamatus<br />
<br />
K: Tere. Palun need šokolaadikarbid.<br />
M: Kaks karpi... Üheksa eurot.<br />
K: Kas see ei peaks olema ainult neli eurot ja viiskümmend senti? Mul on see kuulutus.<br />
M: Vabandage, aga mis kuulutusest te räägite?<br />
K: Siin see on, "kaks ühe hinnaga"<br />
M: Kas saaksin seda näha? Ma ei saa aru, mis... Ah jaa. Kuulge, see on poekuulutus. Meil kahjuks ei ole sellist pakkumist.<br />
S: Isver, kui rumal minust! Kuidas ma võisin teha sellise vea?<br />
M: Pole viga, juhtub ikka. Pood on vist juba kinni, aga... Homme on pakkumine veel kehtiv. Saaksite need karbid homme.<br />
S: Tõesti. Tänan ja palun veelkord vabandust.<br />
M: Pole tänu väärt.<br />
<br />
2. Misunderstanding<br />
<br />
C: Hello. I would like to buy these boxes of chocolate.<br />
S: Two boxes... Nine euro.<br />
C: But isn't it just four and a half euro? I have this advert.<br />
S: Excuse me, what advert?<br />
C: Here it is, "two for the price of one".<br />
S: May I have a look? I don't quite understand....Ah yes. This is a advertisement from a store. We do not have such an offer.<br />
C: Stupid me! How did I make such a mistake?<br />
S: These things happen. The store is probably already closed, but... The offer will still be valid tomorrow. You'll be able to get those boxes tomorrow.<br />
C: Indeed. Thanks and apologies.<br />
S: Don't worry about it.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7423461911981699701.post-79341189158289514402012-06-16T13:04:00.000+03:002013-07-21T17:23:57.191+03:00pappi raiskamaThanks to Loiks on <a href="http://www.unilang.org/viewtopic.php?f=53&t=25854">Unilang.org</a> for this gem.<br />
<br />
Not to be confused are the Estonian:<br />
<br />
<b>Ma lähen linna pappi raiskama</b>.<br />
<br />
with the Finnish:<br />
<br />
<b>Lähden linnaan pappia raiskaamaan</b>.<br />
<br />
The Estonian simply means 'I am going to the city to spend some dosh' whereas the Finnish is much darker - 'I am going to the castle to violate a priest'.<br />
<br />
The meaning of the Estonian <i>raiskama</i> is 'to waste, squander': <i>taskuraha tühja-tähja peale raiskama</i> 'to waste pocket money on rubbish'.<br />
<br />
Also, you can use the word <i>raisk!</i> for 'damn! blast!' but is more vulgar than the English equivalent.<br />
<br />
<i>Papp</i> in Estonian has three meanings: 1) cardboard, 2) dosh, moola, dough (slang word for cash), 3) priest.<br />
<br />
The Estonian equivalent of the Finnish above is:<br />
<br />
<b>Ma lähen lossi pappi värgistama</b>.<br />
<br />
<i>Loss</i> is the Estonian word for 'castle' and <i>vägistama</i> is 'to violate'.<br />
<br />
I don't know what a good translation of the Estonian above would be. Maybe a native speaker would offer a suggestion.<br />
<br />
My attempt is:<br />
<br />
<b>Lähden kaupunkiin tuhlaamaan rahaa.</b><br />
<br />
I don't know the informal Finnish for cash...<br />
<br />
The folks on The Finland Forum have given me the following:<br />
<br />
Slang terms for cash: fyrkka, fyffe, hillo, paalu, pätäkkä<br />
<br />
and for the translation:<br />
<br />
<b>Meen stadiin polttaan fygee.</b><br />
<br />
<b>Lähden kaupungille tuhlailemaan.</b><br />
<br />
Courtesy of jahasjahas:<br />
<br />
If we want to go one step further:<br />
<br />
lossi = cable ferry, väristää = to shiver (transitive)<br />
<br />
<b>Lähden lossi pappia väristämään.</b><br />
<br />
I'll go to the cable ferry to shiver the priest.<br />
<br />
The fun never stops on this blog! :-)<br />
<br />
------<br />
<br />
<b>Additional comments by ainurakne on Unilang.org. Aitäh!</b><br />
<br />
There are two different words of raisk. One declenates raisk - raisu - raisku and is the short form of raiskamine (for example: ajaraisk = waste of time), the other declenates raisk - raisa - raiska and is used, as you said, for swearing/cursing (another word with the same meaning is raibe), but its original meaning should be something like 'not very fresh corpse' (raisasööja/raipesööja = an animal who doesn't usually kill, but eats already dead animals).<br />
<br />
Loss is most likely a German loan, native (and probably older) words for a castle are for example linnus and kindlus - those two are mostly defensive structures, but, for me, loss is more like a pompous building for kings and such.<br />
<br />
Also, to violate is not the only meaning of vägistama. Vägistamine is mostly 'millegi vägisi tegemine' = using force to do or achieve something, doing something forcefully / with (brute) force.
It comes from vägi, which is like force or strength (either physical or magical) and nowadays also an armed force or an army.
For example, if you are a person who uses brute force to tighten nuts and bolts, then you 'vägistad mutreid ja polte' - an action that usually causes something to breakUnknownnoreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7423461911981699701.post-40826976259101642202012-06-15T11:35:00.000+03:002013-07-21T17:17:15.992+03:00exercises on the perfect<u>Present simple to present perfect</u><br />
<br />
<b>mä tulen ----------- mä oon tullut</b><br />
ma tulen ----------- ma olen tulnud<br />
I'm coming ----------- I have come<br />
<br />
<b>se hakee ----------- se on hakenut</b><br />
ta toob ----------- ta on toonud<br />
s/he is fetching ----------- s/he has fetched<br />
<br />
<b>ne saapuu ----------- ne on saapunut</b><br />
nad saabuvad ----------- nad on saabunud<br />
they are arriving ----------- they have arrived<br />
<br />
<b>Ootsä Hesassa? ----------- Ootsä ollut Hesassa?</b><br />
Kas oled Helsingis? ----------- Kas oled Helsingis olnud?<br />
Are you in Helsinki? ----------- Have you been in Helsinki?<br />
<br />
<b>mä avaan ikkunan ----------- mä oon avannut ikkunan</b><br />
ma avan akna ----------- ma olen akna avanud<br />
I will open the window ----------- I have opened the window<br />
<br />
<b>me avataan ikkuna ----------- me ollaan avattu ikkuna</b><br />
me avame akna ----------- me oleme akna avanud<br />
we are opening the window ----------- we have opened the window<br />
<br />
<b>me tullaan ----------- me ollaan tultu</b><br />
me tuleme ----------- me oleme tulnud<br />
we are coming ----------- we have come<br />
<br />
<b>hän tarvitsee apua ----------- hän on tarvinnut apua</b><br />
tal on abi vaja ----------- tal on abi vaja olnud<br />
s/he needs helps ----------- s/he has needed help<br />
<br />
<b>Mistä se saa rahaa? ----------- Mistä se on saanut rahaa?</b><br />
Kust kohast saab ta raha? ----------- Kust kohast on ta raha saanud?<br />
Where is he getting money (from)? ----------- Where has he gotten money (from)?<br />
<br />
<b>se pakenee ----------- se on paennut</b><br />
ta põngeneb ----------- ta on põgenenud<br />
he is escaping ----------- he has escaped<br />
<br />
<u>Affirmative and negative</u><br />
<br />
<b>Ootsä lähettänyt kirjeen? ----------- Etsä ole lähettänyt kirjettä?</b><br />
Kas sa oled teate jätnud? ----------- Ega sa ei ole teadet jätnud?<br />
Have you left a message? ----------- Have you not left a message?<br />
<br />
<b>Se on lähtenyt. ----------- Se ei ole lähtenyt.</b><br />
Ta on läinud. ----------- Ta ei ole läinud.<br />
She has left. ----------- She has not left.<br />
<br />
<b>Mä olen huomannut sen. ----------- Mä en ole huomannut sitä.</b><br />
Ma olen seda märganud. ----------- Ma ei ole seda märganud.<br />
I have noticed it. ----------- I have not noticed it.<br />
<br />
<b>Ne on sanonut jotain. ----------- Ne ei ole sanonut mitään.</b><br />
Nad on midagi öelnud. ----------- Nad ei ole midagi öelnud.<br />
They have said something. ----------- They have not said anything.<br />
<br />
<b>Mä oon nähnyt sen jo. ----------- En mä ole vielä nähnyt sitä.</b><br />
Ma olen juba teda näinud. ----------- Ma ei ole veel teda näinud.<br />
I have already seen her/ him. ----------- I have not yet seen him/ her.<br />
<br />
<b>Me ollaan jo puhuttu siitä. ----------- Me ei olla vielä puhuttu siitä.</b><br />
Me oleme juba rääkinud sellest. ----------- Me ei ole veel rääkinud sellest.<br />
We have already spoken about it. ----------- We have not yet spoken about it.<br />
<br />
<b>Mä olen tavannut hänet. ----------- Mä en ole tavannut hänet.</b><br />
Ma olen temaga kohtunud. ----------- Ma ei ole temaga kohtunud.<br />
I have meet him/ her. ----------- I have not met him/ her.<br />
<br />
<i>Thanks to ainurakne on Unilang.org for corrections!</i>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7423461911981699701.post-8710892820908147732012-06-14T12:43:00.004+03:002013-07-21T17:16:24.052+03:00Finnish present perfectThe Finnish present perfect is constructed along the following lines:<br />
<br />
pronoun + present of <i>olla</i> + past active participle (<i>-nut/-neet</i>)<br />
<br />
Notice how in English the auxiliary verb is <i>have </i>but in Finnish it is <i>olla</i>. Estonian is the same in that its aux. v. is also <i>olla</i>.<br />
<br />
FOR: <b>Minä olen kirjoittanut hänelle.</b><br />
COL: Mä oon kirjoittanut sille.<br />
E: Ma olen kirjatanud talle.<br />
I have written to him/her.<br />
<br />
Remember that in Finnish there is the difference between formal and colloquial registers visible above in both the forms of the pronouns and the aux. v. and below in the pronoun.<br />
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
FOR: <b> Hän on tullut takaisin.</b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
COL: Se on tullut takaisin.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
E: Ta on tulnud tagasi.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
S/he has returned.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
An interesting thing about Finnish is the presence of a plural form of the past active participle with the ending -<i>neet</i>. This is something that Estonian does not have.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
Compare the following:</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
Polite singular: Te olette <b>tullut</b> takaisin.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
You (sg.) have come back.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
Plural: Te olette <b>tulleet</b> takaisin.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
Ye/Y'all have come back.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
In Estonian this is simply:</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
Te olete tulnud tagasi.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
Context will tell us if it is plural or singular polite.</div>
<br />
F: Mä oon aina <b>unelmoinut</b> elämästä teatterissa.<br />
E: Ma olen alati <b>unistanud</b> elust teatris.<br />
I have always <b>dreamt</b> of a life in (the) theatre.
<br />
<br />
F: Oletteko te <b>asuneet</b> Helsingissä kauan?<br />
E: Kas te olete kaua Helsingis <b>elanud</b>?<br />
Have you <b>lived</b> in Helsinki for long?<br />
<br />
Things get a little complicated in the 1st person plural (me) because of the use in colloquial Finnish of the impersonal (passive/ indefinite).<br />
<br />
Here we use:<br />
1) The indefinite form of the verb <i>olla</i>.<br />
2) The past <i>passive</i> participle (not the past <i>active</i> participle as above!)<br />
<br />
COL: <b>Me ollaan jo puhuttu tästä.</b>
<br />
FOR: Me olemme jo puhuneet tästä.<br />
E: Me oleme juba rääkinud sellest.<br />
We have already talked about this.<br />
<br />
COL: <b>Me ollaan juotu kaikki oluet.</b><br />
FOR: Me olemme juoneet kaikki oluet.<br />
E: Me oleme kõik õlled ära joonud.<br />
We have drunk all the beer.<br />
<br />
Present perfect of the verb <i>ostaa</i> 'buy, purchase'. In bold is the colloquial form and in brackets the formal or polite form(s).<br />
<br />
1sg: <b>mä oon ostanut</b> (minä olen ostanut)<br />
2sg: <b>sä oot ostanut</b> (sinä olet ostanut / te olette ostanut)<br />
3sg: <b>se on ostanut</b> (hän on ostanut)<br />
<br />
1pl: <b>me ollaan ostettu</b> (me olemme ostaneet)<br />
2pl: <b>te olette ostaneet</b><br />
3pl: <b>ne on ostanut</b> (he ovat ostaneet)<br />
<br />
<i>Thanks to ainurakne on Unilang.org for corrections!</i>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7423461911981699701.post-45266920927563190612012-06-13T17:24:00.001+03:002013-07-21T17:15:10.652+03:00privatives and past passive participlesBelow are examples of Finnish privates and past passive participles.<br />
<br />
<u>Privatives</u><br />
<br />
Notice that in some cases the Estonian form matches the Finnish (<i>työtön</i> - <i>töötu</i>) but in others Estonian makes use of the abessive case with its suffix -<i>ta </i>(eg. <i>virheeton</i> in Fn. but <i>vigadeta</i> in Et.).<br />
<br />
<b>loppu -------- loputon</b><br />
E: lõpp -------- lõputu<br />
end -------- endless<br />
<br />
<b>kenkä -------- kengätön</b><br />
E: king -------- kingata<br />
shoe -------- shoeless<br />
<br />
<b>työ -------- työtön</b><br />
E: töö -------- töötu<br />
work -------- jobless, unemployed<br />
<br />
<b>polku -------- poluton</b><br />
E: tee -------- teeta<br />
path -------- pathless<br />
<br />
<b>hammas -------- hampaaton</b><br />
E: hammas -------- hambutu<br />
tooth -------- toothless<br />
<br />
<b>maku -------- mauton</b><br />
E: maitse -------- maitsetu<br />
taste -------- tastless<br />
<br />
<b>muoto -------- muodoton</b><br />
E: vorm -------- vormitu<br />
shape, form -------- shapeless, formless<br />
<br />
<b>lumi -------- lumeton</b><br />
E: lumi -------- lumetu<br />
snow -------- snowless<br />
<br />
<b>aurinko -------- auringoton</b><br />
E: päike -------- päikeseta<br />
sun -------- sunless<br />
<br />
<b>virhe -------- virheetön</b><br />
E: viga -------- veata [without mistake]/veatu [flawless]<br />
mistake -------- errorless<br />
<br />
<b>olematon</b><br />
olematu [olemata = not come to be/pass yet]<br />
inexistant<br />
<br />
<b>kirjoittamaton</b><br />
kirjutamata [kirjutamatu = unwriteable]<br />
unwritten<br />
<br />
<b>pesemätön</b><br />
pesemata [pese(ta)matu = unwashable]<br />
unwashed<br />
<br />
<b>leipomaton</b><br />
toores [raw] (küpsetamata [unbaked])<br />
unbaked<br />
<br />
<b>syömätön</b><br />
söömata<br />
uneatten<br />
<br />
<b>asumaton</b><br />
asustamata<br />
uninhabited<br />
<br />
E: lugemata = unread, uncounted; lugematu/loendamatu = uncountable; loetamatu = unreadable<br />
<br />
<u>Past passive participle</u><br />
<br />
<b>opiskeltu</b><br />
õpitud<br />
studied<br />
<br />
<b>pesty</b><br />
pestud<br />
washed<br />
<br />
<b>menty</b><br />
mindud<br />
gone<br />
<br />
<b>saatu</b><br />
saadud<br />
received<br />
<br />
<b>syöty</b><br />
söödud<br />
eaten<br />
<br />
<b>sanottu</b><br />
räägitud<br />
spoken<br />
<br />
<b>etsitty</b><br />
otsitud<br />
searched for<br />
<br />
<b>luettu</b><br />
loetud<br />
read<br />
<br />
<b>kannettu</b><br />
kantud<br />
carried<br />
<br />
<b>kielletty</b><br />
keelatud<br />
forbidden<br />
<br />
<b>huomattu</b><br />
märgatud<br />
noticed<br />
<br />
<b>tarvittu</b><br />
vajatud (but cf. tarvis 'need')<br />
needed<br />
<br />
<b>vaiettu</b><br />
vaigistatud<br />
silent<br />
<br />
<b>tiedetty</b><br />
teatud<br />
known<br />
<br />
<b>tietty</b><br />
teatud<br />
certain<br />
<br />
<b>tuttu</b><br />
tuntud<br />
famous, well-known<br />
<br />
<b>käytetty</b><br />
kasutatud, tarvitatud<br />
used<br />
<br />
<b>unohdettu</b><br />
unustatud<br />
forgotten<br />
<br />
<u>Back and forth</u><br />
<br />
<b>rakentamaton -------- rakennettu</b><br />
ehitamata -------- ehitatud<br />
unbuilt -------- built<br />
<br />
<b>maalattu -------- maalaamaton</b><br />
värvitud -------- värvimata<br />
painted -------- unpainted<br />
<br />
<b>keittämätön -------- keitetty</b><br />
toores -------- küpsetatud<br />
uncooked -------- cooked<br />
<br />
<b>kuorittu -------- kuorimaton</b><br />
kooritud -------- koorimata<br />
peeled -------- unpeeled<br />
<br />
<i>Thanks to ainurakne on Unilang.org for corrections!</i>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7423461911981699701.post-83099204929882987662012-06-12T16:16:00.000+03:002012-06-15T17:12:06.230+03:00laktoositon: saying without in FinnishOne of the first words I learned in Finnish was, believe it or not, <i>laktoositon</i> (lactose free; <i>laktoosivaba</i> in Estonian). Back a few years ago, before I was vegan, I used to buy lactose-free Finnish dairy products. I didn't know it at the time, but that -<i>ton</i> ending is the Finnish privative suffix.<br />
<br />
There are other ways of 'without' in Finnish such as the use of the preposition <i>ilman</i>.<br />
<br />
<b>ilman sokeria</b><br />
E: (ilma) suhkruta<br />
without sugar<br />
<br />
The Finnish takes the adposition <i>ilman </i>and puts the noun in the PART while the Estonian adposition <i>ilma</i>, which is optional, puts the noun in the abessive with its characteristic ending -<i>ta</i>.<br />
<br />
But back to the privative. <i>Colloquial Finnish</i> gives its form as =ttoMA. It kind of looks complex but what it basically means is that this is the deep-form of the suffix whereas its actual realization varies: -ton or -ttoma. The <i>n</i> of <i>ton</i> compresses the <i>tt</i> of -ttoMA to <i>t</i>.<br />
<br />
You can add it to the 3rd infinitive of verbs. The Estonian equivalent here is -<i>tu</i>.<br />
<br />
<b>odottamaton</b><br />
E: ootamatu<br />
unexpected (odatta- 'waits, expects')<br />
<br />
<b>liikkumaton</b><br />
E: liikumatu<br />
unmoving, still (liikku- 'moves')<br />
<br />
<b>tuntematon</b><br />
E: tundmatu<br />
unknown (tunte- 'knows')<br />
<br />
In nouns the <i>tt</i> of the underlying stem compresses the consonants to its left as can be seen from the examples below:<br />
<br />
<b>apu ------ avuton</b><br />
E: api ------ abitu<br />
help ------ helpless<br />
<br />
<b>jalka ------ jalaton</b><br />
E: jalg ------ jalutu<br />
leg ------ legless<br />
<br />
<b>lanka ------ langaton</b><br />
E: traat ------ traadita<br />
wire ------ wireless<br />
<br />
In the below examples you can see the realization -<i>ttoma</i>.<br />
<br />
<b>Mä en pidä unettomista öistä.</b><br />
E: Mulle ei meeldi unetud ööd.<br />
I don't like sleepless nights.<br />
<br />
<b>uusi versio Tuntemattomasta sotilaasta</b><br />
E: uus versioon Tundmatust Sõdurist<br />
a new version of the Unknown SoldierUnknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7423461911981699701.post-3589732865739515792012-06-11T20:16:00.000+03:002012-06-12T09:23:28.163+03:00deconstructionIn this post I deconstruct some complex (for the beginner) sentences and expressions from <i>Colloquial Finnish</i>.<br />
<br />
<b>Niin sanottujen normaalien ihmisten maailmassa.</b><br />
<br />
niin = so<br />
sano- + ttu (says + past passive participle suffix) = called<br />
sanottu + j + en (called + plural marker + genitive suffix) = of called (pl.)<br />
normaal + i + en (normal + plural marker + genitive suffix) = of normal (pl.)<br />
ihmisten = of person (pl.)<br />
maailm + ssa (world + INE case suffix) = in the world<br />
<br />
F: Niin sanottujen normaalien ihmisten maailmassa.<br />
E: Nii-öelda normaalsete inimeste maailmas.<br />
In the world of so-called normal people<br />
<br />
<b>Mä oon aina unelmoinut elämästä teatterissa.</b><br />
<br />
mä = I<br />
oon (coll. of olen) = am<br />
aina = always<br />
unelmoi- + -nut (daydream + past active participle suffix sg.) = dreamt (sg.)<br />
elämä + stä (life + ELA case suffix) = of a life<br />
teatteri + ssa (theatre + INE case suffix) = in the theatre<br />
<br />
F: Mä oon aina unelmoinut elämästä teatterissa.<br />
E: Ma olen alati unistatud elust teatris.<br />
I have always dreamt of a life in (the) theatre.<br />
<br />
<b>Se oli Suomessa tekemässä elokuvaa.</b><br />
<br />
se = s/he<br />
oli = was<br />
Suome + ssa (Finland + INE case) = in Finland<br />
teke- + mä + ssä (make + 3rd infinitive suffix + INE case) = (in process of) making<br />
elokuvaa = PART of elokuva 'film'<br />
<br />
F: Se oli Suomessa tekemässaä elokuvaa.<br />
E: Ta oli Soomes filmi tegemas.<br />
S/he was in Finland making a film.<br />
<br />
<b>Lääkäri kielsi sitä tupakoimasta.</b><br />
<br />
lääkäri = doctor<br />
kiel- + -si (forbid + past 3sg) = forbade<br />
sitä = PART of se ('s/he')<br />
tupakoi- + ma + sta (smoke + 3rd inf. + ELA) from smoking<br />
<br />
F: Lääkäri kielsi sitä tupakoimasta.<br />
E: Arst keelas tal suitsetada.<br />
The doctor forbade her/him from smoking.<br />
<br />
<b>Se haluaa auttaa tarjoamalla työtä</b><br />
<br />
Se = s/he<br />
haluaa = wants<br />
auttaa = help (1st inf.)<br />
tarjoa- + ma + lla (offer + 3rd inf. + ADE suffix)<br />
työ + tä (work + PART) = work (PART)<br />
<br />
F: Se haluaa auttaa tarjoamalla työtä.<br />
E: Ta tahab aidata pakkudes tööd.<br />
S/he wants to help by offering work.<br />
<br />
<b>Se ero on koko ajan häviämässä</b><br />
<br />
se = that<br />
ero = distinction/ difference<br />
on = is<br />
koko = all<br />
ajan = GEN of aika ('time')<br />
häiviä + mä + ssä (disappear + 3rd infin. + INE) = (in the process of) disappearing<br />
<br />
F: Se ero on koko ajan häviämässä.<br />
E: See eristamine on pidevas kadumises.<br />
That distinction is disappearing all the time.<br />
<br />
<b>uusi versio Tuntemattomasta sotilaasta</b><br />
<br />
uusi = new<br />
versio = version<br />
tunte- + ma + ttom + a + sta (know + 3rd infin. suffix + privative suffix + helping vowel + ELA case ending) = of the unknown<br />
sotilaa + sta (soldier + ELA case ending) = of the soldier<br />
<br />
F: uusi versio Tuntemattomasta sotilaasta<br />
E: uus versioon Tundmatust Sõdurist<br />
a new version of the Unknown Soldier<br />
<br />
<b>Mä en pidä unettomista öistä</b><br />
<br />
mä = I<br />
en = neg. verb, 1st per.<br />
pidä (connegative form of pitä)<br />
mä en pidä = I don't like<br />
une- + ttom + i + sta (sleep + privative + plural + ELA) = sleepless (plural ELA)<br />
ö + i + stä (night + plural + ELA) = nights (ELA)<br />
<br />
F: Mä en pidä unettomista öistä.<br />
E: Mulle ei meeldi unetud ööd.<br />
I don't like sleepless nights.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7423461911981699701.post-87749394852095079872012-06-09T13:18:00.002+03:002013-07-21T17:05:34.930+03:00more exercises<u>Using the third infinitive in the illative case for goal-like situations</u><br />
<br />
F: <b>Ne pakotti mut tekemään sen</b>.<br />
E: Nad sundisid mind seda tegema.<br />
They forced me to do it.<br />
<br />
F: <b>Se hakee opiskelemaan yliopistoon</b>.<br />
E: Ta kandideerib ülikooli (õppima).<br />
He is applying to study at university.<br />
<br />
F: <b>Se tuli käymään</b>.<br />
E: Ta tuli külla.<br />
She came to visit.<br />
<br />
F: <b>Tulkaa kotiin syömään</b>.<br />
E: Tulge koju sööma.<br />
Come (pl./pol.) home and eat.<br />
<br />
F: <b>Juokse tuonne katsomaan!</b><br />
E: Jookse sinna(poole) vaatama!<br />
Run (sg.) there and have a look!<br />
<br />
F: <b>Mene uimaan!</b><br />
E: Mine ujuma!<br />
Go (sg.) swimming!<br />
<br />
F: <b>Lähtekää kävelemään!</b><br />
E: Käige jalutamas.<br />
Go (leave; pl./pol.) for a walk!<br />
<br />
<u>Present and past of colloquial first person plural</u><br />
<br />
<i>First is present and second is past</i><br />
<br />
Me mennään hiihtämään.<br />
Me mentiin hiihtämään.<br />
E: Me käime/ käisime suusatamas.<br />
We are going/ went skiing.<br />
<br />
Me katsotaan televisiota.<br />
Me katsottiin televisiota.<br />
E: Me vaatame/ vaatasime telekat.<br />
We are watching/ watched television.<br />
<br />
Mitä me syödään?<br />
Mitä me syötiin?<br />
E: Mida me sööme / sõime?<br />
What are we eating? / What did we eat?<br />
<br />
Me halutaan rauhaa.<br />
Me haluttiin rauhaa.<br />
E: Me tahaksime / tahtsime rahu.<br />
We want/wanted peace.<br />
<br />
<i>Thanks to ainurakne on Unilang.org for corrections.</i>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7423461911981699701.post-34301645796007613512012-06-07T17:56:00.001+03:002013-07-21T17:03:03.352+03:00mennääksOne of the first thing to catch my interest when I started learning Finnish was the use of the passive or impersonal (<i>passiivi</i> in Finnish; known in Estonian as <i>umbisikuline tegumood</i> or <i>impersonaal</i>) for the first personal plural.<br />
<br />
<b>Me menemme</b> ‘we go’; <b>mennään</b> ‘people go’ —-> <b>me mennään</b> ‘we go’<br />
<br />
but this form is also used for the first personal plural imperative
<b>mennään</b> ‘let’s go!’<br />
and in the colloquial language we can shorten the question form <b> mennäänkö</b> ‘let’s go, no?’ to <b>mennääks</b>, hence the title of this post.<br />
<br />
I won't be going here in this post into the use or formation of the <i>passiivi</i>. I might do that another day. For the meantime I want to just practice the moving between colloquial and formal forms of the active in the first person plural by doing an exercise from <i>Colloquial Finnish</i>.<br />
<br />
Formal: Me asumme Helsingissä.<br />
Colloquial: Me asutaan Helsingissä.<br />
E: Me elame Helsingis.<br />
We live in Helsinki.<br />
<br />
F: Me menemme maalle.<br />
C: Me mennään maalle.<br />
E: Me läheme maale.<br />
We are going to the country-side.<br />
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
F: Me haluamme valkoviiniä.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
C: Me halutaan valkoviiniä.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
E: Me tahame valget veini.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
We want some white wine.<br />
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
F: Me juomme soijamaitoa.</div>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
C: Me juodaan soijamaitoa.</div>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
E: Me joome sojapiima.</div>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
We drink/ are drinking soya milk.</div>
</div>
<br />
F: Me emme syö lihaa.<br />
C: Me ei syödä lihaa.<br />
E: Me ei söö liha.<br />
We don't eat/ are not eating meat.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
F: Me emme pidä oopperasta.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
C: Me ei pidetä oopperasta.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
E: Meile ei meeldi ooper.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
We don't like (the) opera.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
F: Me emme lue lehteä.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
C: Me ei lueta lehteä.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
E: Me ei loe ajalehte.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
We are not reading the/a newspaper.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
F: Me puhumme ranskaa.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
C: Me puhutaan ranskaa.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
E: Me räägime prantsuse keelt.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
We speak/ are speaking French.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
F: Me emme tarvitse apua.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
C: Me ei tarvita apua.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
E: Meil pole abi tarvis</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
We don't need (any) help.<br />
<br />
<i><i>Thanks to jahasjahas on FinlandForum.org and ainurakne on Unilang.org for corrections and comments!</i></i></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7423461911981699701.post-65381853989177370342012-06-02T15:33:00.000+03:002012-06-07T16:39:00.950+03:00Missä asuu sinun perheesi?In this post I will write a short dialogue in which two friends, Marju and Hennu discuss their families.<br />
<br />
Marju: Missä sinun perheesi asuu?<br />
Hennu: Mun perhe asuu Helsingissä. Missä sun perhe asuu? Asuuko nekin Helsingissä?<br />
M: Ei asu. Mun perhe asuu maalla, pienessä kylässä.<br />
H: Mikä sen kylän nimi on?<br />
M: Nastola. Mun perhe asuu Nastolassa.<br />
H: Onko Nastola kaukana Helsingistä?<br />
M: Ei ole. Nastolasta ei ole pitkä matka Lahteen, joka on noin sata kilometriä Helsingistä pohjoiseen.<br />
H: Tiedän. Lahti on Päijät-Hämeen maakunnan pääkaupunki.<br />
M: Oot oikeassa. Hennu, onko sulla suuri perhe? Onks sulla Hennu suuri perhe?<br />
H: Ei ole. Mä asun pienessä asunnossa Helsingin keskustassa mun äidin ja siskon kanssa. Entä sä? Onks sulla suuri perhe?<br />
M: Joo, minulla on suuri perhe. Minulla on kaksi siskoa ja kolme veljeä.<br />
H: Kuusi lasta! Se on kyllä suuri perhe!<br />
<br />
<i>Thanks to ruusukaali on <a href="http://www.unilang.org/">Unilang</a> for correcting the Finnish.</i><br />
<br />
Marju: Kus sinu pere elab?<br />
Hennu: Mu pere elab Helsingis. Kus sinu pere elab? Kas nad elavad ka Helsingis?<br />
M: Ei. Mu pere elab maal, väikeses külas.<br />
H: Mis selle küla nimi on?<br />
M: Nastola. Mu pere elab Nastolas.<br />
H: Kas Nastola on Helsingist kaugel?<br />
M: Ei. Nastolalt Lahtisse ei ole pikk reis, see on umbes sada kilomeetrit Helsingist põhja suunas.<br />
H: Ma tean. Lahti on Päijät-Häme maakonna pealinn.<br />
M: Sul on õigus. Hennu, kas sul on suur pere?<br />
H: Ei ole. Ma elan väikeses korteris Helsingi kesklinnas oma ema ja õega koos. Ja sina, Marju, kas sul on suur pere?<br />
M: Jaa, minul on küll suur pere. Mul on kaks õde ja kolm venda.<br />
H: Kuus last! See on küll suur pere!<br />
<br />
Marju: Where does your family live?<br />
Hennu: My family lives in Helsinki. Where does your family live? Do they also live in Helsinki?<br />
M: No. My family lives in the country-side, in a small village.<br />
H: What's the name of the village?<br />
M: Nastola. My family lives in Nastola.<br />
H: Is Nastola far from Helsinki?<br />
M: No. It's not a long trip from Nastola to Lahti, which is about 100km north of Helsinki.<br />
H: I know. Lahti is the capital of Päijänne Tavastia.<br />
M: You're right. Hennu, do you have a big family?<br />
H: No. I live in a small apartment in the centre of Helsinki together with my mother and sister. And you, Marju, do you have a big family?<br />
M: Yes, I have a big family. I have two sisters and three brothers.<br />
H: Six children! That is indeed a big family!Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7423461911981699701.post-31937980059322477612012-06-01T18:06:00.000+03:002012-06-04T08:17:36.030+03:00Kuntoklubi<b>Tänään menin kuntoklubille. Mä harjoittelen Tallinnan syksyn puolimaratonia varten. </b><br />
<br />
E: Täna käisin jõusaalis. Ma treenin Tallinna sügispoolmaratoniks.<br />
<br />
Today I went to the gym. I am training for the Talllinn autumn half-marathon.<br />
<br />
<i>Thanks to Varislintu on Unilang for Finnish correction</i>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7423461911981699701.post-79255991045016139942012-05-28T20:52:00.000+03:002012-06-04T08:18:08.152+03:00Kuka mä olen<b>Suomen kieli</b><br />
Terve! Nimeni on Colm ja mä asun Tallinnassa, joka on Viron pääkaupunki, mutta minun kotimaani on Irlanti. Minun vaimoni on virolainen, joten mä asun Virossa. Olen opiskelija sekä englannin kielen opettaja. Opiskelen Tallinnan yliopistossa kielitiedettä. Opiskelen suomea koska haluan osata sitä siltä varalta, että joskus muutan Suomeen.<br />
<br />
<i>Thanks to ruusukaali on <a href="http://www.unilang.org/">Unilang</a> for correcting the Finnish.</i><br />
<br />
<b>Eesti keel</b><br />
Tere! Minu nimi on Colm ja ma elan Tallinnas, mis on Eesti pealinn, aga mu kodumaa on Iirimaa. Minu naine on eestlane, sellepärast ma Eestis elan. Ma olen üliõpilane ja inglise keele õpetaja. Ma õpin keeleteadust Tallinna Ülikoolis. Ma õpin soome keelt, sest ma tahaksin seda osata, kui ma kunagi Soome elama lähen.<br />
<br />
Hello! My name is Colm and I live in Tallinn, which is the capital of Estonia, though I am from Ireland originally. My wife is Estonian so that's why I'm living in Estonia. I'm a university student and English teacher. I study linguistics at Tallinn University. I am learning Finnish because I want to be able to speak it if I ever move to Finland.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7423461911981699701.post-25885420649950079702012-05-28T13:52:00.004+03:002012-06-07T16:38:35.628+03:00possessionThe basic rules for stating possession in Finnish are the same as in Estonian. One uses the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adessive_case">ADE case</a> and the verb BE and the item or person that is possessed in the NOM case.<br />
<br />
F: Lapsella on kissa.<br />
E: Lapsel on kass.<br />
The child has a cat.<br />
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
F: Pekkalla on kaksi siskoa.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
E: Pekkal on kaks õde.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
Pekka has two sisters.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
F: Meillä on aikaa.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
E: Meil on aega.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
We have time.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
The questions and negative constructions are also easy to form.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
F: Onko sulla aikaa?</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
E: Kas sul on aega?</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
Do you have time?</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
F: Ei, mulla ei ole aikaa.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
E: Ei, mul ei ole aega.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
No, I don't have any time.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
F: Onko hänellä koira?</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
E: Kas tal on koer?</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
Does s/he have a dog?</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
F: Ei, hänellä ei ole koiraa.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
E: Ei, tal ei ole koera.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
No, s/he doesn't have a dog.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
F: Onko sulla rahaa?</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
E: Kas sul on raha?</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
Do you have money?</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
F: Ei, mulla ei ole rahaa.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
E: Ei, mul pole raha.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
No, I don't have any money.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
Remember that when the statement is negative we use the partitive case regardless of whether a full object appeared in the question. Thus we say:</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
Mulla ei ole koiraa/ Mul pole koera NOT koira/ koer.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
Notice that in Estonian you have the choice of using <b>ei ole</b> or <b>pole </b>which is a contraction of ep + ole. Ep was an archaic variant of ei that is no long in use.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
Those are the similarities but there is also the following difference. In Finnish, when both possessor and possessee are concrete and inanimate we make use of the INE case in place of the ADE above. This distinction does not exist in Estonian and we stay with the use of the ADE case.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
F: Tässä ruuassa ei ole makua.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
E: Sel toidul ei ole maitset.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
This food has no taste.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
F: Tässä pöydässä on vain kolme jalkaa.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
E: Sel laual on ainult kolm jalga.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
This table has only three legs.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
In Estonian the correct form is <b>selle</b> as in <b>sellel nädalal </b>'this week' (tällä viikolla in Finnish) but it's common to say <b>sel</b>.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
Compare:</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
Tässä pöydä<b>ssä</b> on vain kolme jalkaa. (INE case)</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
This table has only three legs.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
Poja<b>lla</b> on kiva nimi. (ADE case)</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
The boy has a nice name.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
In Estonian these are both handled by the ADE.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
Sellel laua<b>l</b> on ainult kolm jalga.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
Poisi<b>l </b>on kena nimi.</div>
<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7423461911981699701.post-89751209094585323112012-05-27T23:27:00.000+03:002012-06-07T16:37:52.431+03:00Question wordsF: Kuka se on?<br />
E: Kes see on?<br />
Who is it?<br />
<br />
F: Milloin se saapuu?<br />
E: Millal ta saabub?<br />
When does s/he arrive?<br />
<br />
F: Mitä sä sanot?<br />
E: Mida sa räägid?<br />
What are you saying?<br />
<br />
F: Mitä ne ottaa?<br />
E: Mida nad võtavad?<br />
What are they taking?<br />
<br />
F: Miksi te lähdette?<br />
E: Miks te lähete ära?<br />
Why are you leaving?<br />
<br />
F: Missä ne asuu?<br />
E: Kus nad elavad?<br />
Where do they live?<br />
<br />
F: Minne ne menee?<br />
E: Kuhu nad lähevad?<br />
Where are they going?<br />
<br />
F: Mistä se tulee?<br />
E: Kust ta tuleb?<br />
Where does he come/ is he coming from?<br />
<br />
F: Mistä ne puhuu?<br />
E: Millest nad räägivad?<br />
What are they talking about?<br />
<br />
F: Mistä sä teet joka aamu, ennen kun lähdet kotoa?<br />
E: Mida sa teed igal hommikul, enne kui sa kodust lähed?<br />
What do you do every morning before you leave home?<br />
<br />
F: Mistä maasta sä olet kotoisin?<br />
E: Milliselt maalt sa pärit oled?<br />
What country do you come from?<br />
<br />
(Also possible: Kust maalt sa pärit oled? or Mis maalt sa pärit oled?)<br />
<br />
F: Missä kaupungissa sä asut?<br />
E: Millises linnas sa elad?<br />
What city do you live in?<br />
<br />
(Also possible: Kus linnas sa elad? or Mis linnas sa elad?)<br />
<br />
<i>Thanks to ainurakne for corrections.</i><br />
<br />
And a very Estonian question to finish:<br />
<br />
E: Mis maa see on?<br />
F: Mikä maa se on?<br />
What country is it?Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7423461911981699701.post-66679385136533921682012-05-27T22:08:00.001+03:002012-06-07T18:39:20.669+03:00Mä pidänA learner of Estonian who has just started out on Finnish could be forgiven for thinking that the Finnish phrase <b>mä pidän</b> is the Finnish of <b>ma pean</b> (I must) but it's not! * Mä pidän means I like, the equivalent of <b>mulle meeldib</b>. Because of the argument structure of this phrase is different in the two languages, the thing or person that is liked is treated as an object in Finnish but a subject in Estonian. Let's take a look at a few examples, some of which come from the excellent book <i>Colloquial Finnish</i> by Daniel Abondolo. In this blog I will make much reference of this book and as I do so translate the Finnish into Estonian so I get practice in both languages.<br />
<br />
F: Minä pidän kahvista.<br />
E: Mulle meeldib kohv.<br />
I like coffee.<br />
<br />
F: Minä pidän teestä.<br />
E: Mulle meeldib tee.<br />
I like tea.<br />
<br />
The structure of the Finnish sentence is: SUB pitä- OBJ=stA (Liker in NOM, verb, thing liked in ELA)<br />
The structure of the Estonian sentence is: OBJ=le meeldima SUB (Liker in ALL, verb, thing liked in NOM)<br />
<br />
The Finnish closely resembles the English structure but in the Estonian, a more literal loose translation into English might be 'Coffee/ tea is agreeable for me', very similar with the Irish structure if I do say so myself (Is maith liom caife/ tae)<br />
<br />
So not only is the verb different in the two languages different but the whole argument structure of the sentence is also different. Let's take a few more examples.<br />
<br />
F: Mä pidän televisiosta, mutta mä kuuntelen mieluummin radiota.<br />
E: Mulle meeldib televisioon, aga ma eelistan raadiot kuulata. (more formal)<br />
E: Mulle meeldib televisioon, aga ma kuulan meelsamini raadiot. (less formal)<br />
I like television but I prefer to listen to the radio.<br />
<br />
F: He pitävät vedestä, mutta he juovat mieluummin viiniä<br />
E: Neile meeldib vesi, aga nad eelistavad veini juua. (more formal)<br />
E: Neile meeldib vesi, aga nad joovad meelsamini veini. (less formal)<br />
They like water but they prefer to drink wine.<br />
<br />
<b>mieluummin</b> 'more gladly' in Finnish and <b>meelsamini</b> 'more gladly' Estonian<br />
<b>eelistama</b> 'prefer' in Estonian<br />
<br />
You can see similarities in verb conjugation between the two languages here:<br />
<br />
F: Mä juon, sä jout, me juomme, he juovat<br />
E: Ma joon, sa jood, me joome, nad joovad<br />
I drink, you drink, we drink, they drink<br />
<br />
Of course, be aware in Finnish that it's more common in the spoken language to say <b>ne juo </b>than <b>he juovat</b>.<br />
<br />
What about the negative, 'I don't like...' This is <b>mä en pidä</b> in Finnish and <b>mulle ei meeldi</b> in Estonian. This time some examples from my own head.<br />
<br />
F: Mä en pidä maidosta, sitten mä juon mustaa teetä ilman maitoa tai vihreää teetä.<br />
E: Mulle ei meeldi piim, sellepärast ma joon musta teed ilma piimata või rohelist teed.<br />
I don't like milk so I drink black tea without milk or green tea.<br />
<br />
F: Lapset ei pidä kouluun mennä.<br />
E: Lastele ei meeldi koolis käia.<br />
The children don't like going to school.<br />
<br />
F: Tyttö ei pidä juustosta, mutta se pitää suklaasta.<br />
E: Tüdrukule ei meeldi juust, aga talle meeldib šokolaad.
<br />
The girl doesn't like cheese, but she likes chocolate.<br />
<br />
* That said, the verb <b>pitä-</b> means 'like, hold' and in Estonian the verb <b>pidama</b>, from whence comes the phrase ma pean, also means 'hold'. The equivalent of Estonian <b>ma pean </b>is <b>mun pitää</b>. (More about use of pitä- <a href="http://uusikielemme.livejournal.com/2011/06/03/">from here</a>)<br />
<br />
ALL = <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allative_case">allative case</a>; ELA = <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elative_case">elate case</a><br />
<br />
<i>Thanks to ainurakne for comments</i><br />
<b>Comment by ainurakne on Unilang.com</b><br />
Actually, when I started to learn Finnish and heard phrases <i>minä pidän/en pidä</i>, then for some reason I knew instantly what they meant. It seems to me that I have heard something similar in Estonian (maybe in some dialects), especially in negative sentences, for example:
'<i>Ma ei pea sinust palju.</i>' or '<i>Ma ei pea eriti piimast.</i>' (maybe someone wiser than me can elaborate on this one), although, maybe I just confuse it with a phrase '<i>(kellest/millest) lugu pidama</i>', which nowadays means mostly 'to respect someone/something', but is also widely used like this: '<i>Ma ei pea piimast eriti lugu</i>.' = I don't like milk very much / I am not very fond of milk / milk is not one of my favorites.
meelsasti - meelsamini - kõige meelsamini or meelsaimini
gladly, more gladly, most gladlyUnknownnoreply@blogger.com0